Essay on Cyber Crime and Businesses Example For Students

Exposition on Cyber Crime and Businesses Consistently millions at times billions of dollars are made by organizations from salary got by online offer of items and administrations. As organizations consistently create and extend their customer base with online items and administrations so does the longing by lawbreakers to misuse vulnerabilities in their web based business arrangement. The mass overall web utilization development inside the most recent 20 years has been â€Å"an inexact 16 million clients in 1995 to an expected 2,937 million in March of 2014† As the significance of web based business increments so does the need to secure the innovative foundation that will do online exchanges for every business paying little mind to its size. I will endeavor to feature and audit the historical backdrop of a couple digital wrongdoings to show the movement of the violations inside the last 30-40 years. I likewise plan to audit how the economy and buyers are affected by digital wrongdoings. At long last I will put forth an attempt to contribute with data gathering on the best way to bring down the danger of a digital assault from and singular client to an enormous scope business. The term â€Å"hacker† has been being used since the mid 1980’s because of broad communications use to depict PC lawbreakers. The utilization of this term is incomprehensibly utilized by everyone and most don't know that there are various implications to the word. Individuals inside the figuring network particularly inside the programming subculture stress the utilization of the term â€Å"crackers† for PC security interlopers (digital lawbreakers). Early programmers once in a while utilized their aptitudes for monetary profit as an inspiration for their criminal conduct in that time cybercrime was puerile and to a great extent observed as a down to earth joke or game by the individuals who carried out it. Weave Thomas made the principal credited PC worm named Creeper which is a case of early digital wrongdoing in 1970’s. The Creeper worm had the option to increase free access by means of modem and duplicate itself to remote PCs. PCs that were contaminated by the infection showed the message, â€Å"I’m the creeper: get me on the off chance that you can.† In 1981 Ian Murphy otherwise known as â€Å"Captain Zap† was the first digital criminal to get sentenced; he penetrated ATT PCs and changed the charging clock. The changed to the charging timekeepers made individuals got limited charging rates during typical business hours. As time advanced so did the criminal refinement just as the harms to people and organizations. In 1999 David Smith made the worm infection â€Å"Melissa† which voyaged by means of Outlook. The Melissa infection was liable for an estimated 500 million dollars in harms as it ended PC systems of at any rate 300 partnerships. On an a lot bigger scope â€Å"Titan Rain† was the named by the US Government to a progression of painstakingly aligned and pra ctically untraceable digital assault that were continuous for in any event three years. The Titan Rain assaults were followed back to the Chinese government, it far reaching and focused on the PC systems of NASA, US Military Defense Information Agency, Naval System Center, Lockheed Martin, Redstone Arsenal, and Sandia National Laboratories. The fundamental reason for the assaults were to assemble knowledge and ordered information just as to discover approaches to leave PC â€Å"backdoors† open to permit other to invade PC systems and frameworks for future assaults. The brief digital wrongdoing history introduced shows a brisk look of how digital violations have raised in a short number of years. Expansions of digital wrongdoing exercises have been progressively increasingly clear inside the most recent couple of years. Essentially due to fix spending by the private segment and diminished budgetary liquidity exacerbated by the financial emergency. The expenses related by digital wrongdoings are incredibly hard to stick point as there are numerous components to consider that can make up misfortunes seen by people or organizations. Variables to consider in misfortunes due to digital wrongdoing are financial exchange control, loss of touchy information, licensed innovation, efficiency interferences, and notoriety harm. The repercussions of a solitary, effective digital assault can have broad ramifications that may incorporate monetary misfortunes and loss of purchaser certainty and trust. The general fiscal effect of digital wrongdoing on society and government is assessed to be billions of dollars a year. â€Å"1 million or more grown-ups become cybercrime casualties each and every day and, on the off chance that you separate that, it likens to an amazing 12 casualties for each second† The monetary loss of digital wrongdoings is only a crude estimation as it gives base of the harm brought about by criminal operations. .u6dede267a1fedd0e5cba97900d3c7b70 , .u6dede267a1fedd0e5cba97900d3c7b70 .postImageUrl , .u6dede267a1fedd0e5cba97900d3c7b70 .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u6dede267a1fedd0e5cba97900d3c7b70 , .u6dede267a1fedd0e5cba97900d3c7b70:hover , .u6dede267a1fedd0e5cba97900d3c7b70:visited , .u6dede267a1fedd0e5cba97900d3c7b70:active { border:0!important; } .u6dede267a1fedd0e5cba97900d3c7b70 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u6dede267a1fedd0e5cba97900d3c7b70 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u6dede267a1fedd0e5cba97900d3c7b70:active , .u6dede267a1fedd0e5cba97900d3c7b70:hover { haziness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u6dede267a1fedd0e5cba97900d3c7b70 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6dede267a1fedd0e5cba97900d3c7b70 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-embellishment: underline; } .u6dede267a1fedd0e5cba97900d3c7b70 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u6dede267a1fedd0e5cba97900d3c7b70 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe sweep: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-adornment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6dede267a1fedd0e5cba97900d3c7b70:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u6dede267a1fedd0e5cba97900d3c 7b70 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u6dede267a1fedd0e5cba97900d3c7b70-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u6dede267a1fedd0e5cba97900d3c7b70:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Art Of Theater EssayConsumer certainty has been seriously harmed by the expansion of digital assaults and security penetrates on people just as enormous partnerships. Late instances of enormous scaled organizations that have experienced a digital wrongdoing break-in inside the most recent year were Target, Kaiser, and EBay. In enormous break-ins like the models referenced most of shoppers feel that it is the corporations’ duty to shield them against extortion from such assaults that have been connected to taking their own data. Customers likewise accept that retailers, charge card organizations, and banks are not doing what's needed to ensure the information they are endowed with by buyers. The yearly Symantec firm exploration study which audits consumers’ online practices additionally features the threats and money related expense of digital violations. The information in the Symantec research affirms the concerning aftereffects of the expansion in digital assaults. â€Å"Cyber crimes and related benefit are in consistent development, the expense per cybercrime casualty is up 50 percent, and the worldwide sticker price of buyer digital wrongdoing is $113 billion annually.† The ascent in cybercrime for huge enterprises is mostly because of lacking assurance of the organizations as not sufficient opportunity and assets are apportioned to help limit the dangers. This makes the ideal ground of conditions for the lawbreakers; as it makes digital break-ins practically untraceable because of the time chatter between the security infringement and the purpose of revelation by the person in question. The del ay additionally makes trouble in building an indictment body of evidence against interlopers making cybercrimes far less hazardous than some other sort of wrongdoing which is a lot of speaking to digital lawbreakers. Unmistakably digital wrongdoing is a colossal issue compromising the private and open segments just as the trustworthiness of the information inside the web. Counteraction from assaults is the key in spite of the fact that it might appear as an incomprehensible undertaking to achieve with the numerous elements that should be considered to have a protected PC framework. The division of Homeland Security gives a rundown of safety efforts to follow to help with the avoidance of digital wrongdoings for a wide range of PC clients. †¢ â€Å"Never click on joins in messages. †¢ Never open the connections. †¢ Do not give out close to home data †¢ Set secure passwords and dont share them with anybody. †¢ Keep your working framework, program, hostile to infection and other basic programming exceptional. †¢ Verify the legitimacy of solicitations from organizations or people by reaching them legitimately. †¢ Pay close consideration regarding site URLs. †¢ For email, turn off the choice to naturally download connections. †¢ Be dubious of obscure connections or solicitations sent through email or instant message. â€Å" In end digital violations are acts against classification and respectability by the unlawful access to a PC framework. Digital assaults will conti

Monetary and Fiscal Policies on Recession Research Paper

Financial and Fiscal Policies on Recession - Research Paper Example Accordingly, the pace of joblessness goes up diminishing the buying intensity of purchasers. Sequentially, cash gracefully in the economy turns out to be essentially low (Navarro, 2009). Financial arrangement is utilized by governments to settle total interest and total flexibly in the economy by impacting the administration spending, obtaining and tax assessment. The administration utilizes financial arrangement to change the examples of people’s spending. As indicated by Keynesian school, financial arrangement reestablishes business rates, request and yield where the economy is working underneath limit. Keynesian suggests two sorts of monetary approaches; expansionary financial strategy and contractionary financial arrangement. Expansionary financial strategy is utilized where the administration requires shortage spending in the event of downturn while contractionary monetary arrangement is utilized when there is an abundance development which requires an overflow in the financial plan (Renee, 2009). Financial approach is another apparatus used to deal with the total interest and gracefully by controlling the flexibly of cash in the economy. The administration utilizes the national bank to control development, liquidity, expansion and utilization because of changes in the measure of cash in the economy. The Federal Reserve System reacts to extreme cash flexibly by raising the loan cost and brings down the financing costs when there is low cash gracefully in the market (Borio and Disyatat, 2010). The Great Recession of 2008 introduced serious financial conditions in the US and furthermore in different nations. Moreover, the downturn was related with stretched monetary droops and moderate financial recuperations. After downturn, the vast majority of the world economies went into sadness and this caused a huge hole in the recuperation of the cash, as the creating nations have more fragile monetary standards contrasted with the created nations.

Modern Warfare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Current Warfare - Essay Example There doesn't appear to be the romanticized idea of energy so frequently proclaimed by creators inside the common laborers. This is particularly so regarding the Vietnam war. In the draft during the Vietnam War, the working class were nearly ensured. Vietnam was increasingly constrained, and the military was resolved to channel common and even white collar class youth away from battle (Appy 1993). To be sure, it has generally been the common laborers that have been persuaded that their bondage would profit them when in reality the advantage tumbled to the higher classes. Guarantees, for example, excused understudy advances, GI Bills, clinical protection, a ten thousand dollar join extra, guarantees of preparing that will prompt promising regular citizen vocations and a large number of different advantages appear as though a supernatural occurrence for a gathering of individuals who are not financially presented to such appearing extravagances. Reliably, the regular workers, effectively a gathering acclimated with taking requests is exploited. The Cold War saw diggers in Canada loosing their occupations with no advantages. From the start, excavators were urged to resign with the presentation of advantage bundles. Anyway as time advanced, diggers who were on the edge of retirement needed to truly hold tight with expectations of accepting their full support agreement. Mines were working at far not exactly a multi day week. There was likewise a drop in the need of railroad steam coal. World War I found the passage of ladies into the work power. While not at fight, ladies were in activity making garments, sending supplies and as yet supporting their families. Subsequently financially, the average workers ladies had the option to add to their monetary condition. During the time between World War I and World War II, there was lost markets for what is viewed as staple enterprises. These ventures included coal, iron, steel, transport making and materials. This misfortune joined with innovative advances which took into account increments underway finished in the loss of over a million employments for the common laborers. The touted gains from these two wars did nothing to ointment the enduring of the regular workers. In the Iraq war, which despite everything looms, stop-misfortune (the act of singularly expanding a soilder's stay in their station) has been reliably maintained in the courts. Common laborers fighters have seen that agreements are totally negligible in their military and regular citizen world. Maybe this is the reason there isn't so much stun when a stop-misfortune strategy is pulled against them. All things considered, at home in regular citizen life, most common laborers representatives must place in their required extra time hours or they chance loosing their occupations. Decency and guarantees are not ideas that the common laborers are acquainted with in either their military or non military personnel jobs. Further, the common laborers individuals neglect to perceive any of the advantages that they are guaranteed. Veterans reliably observe reductions in their advantages. Many embarrassments brings about uncovering the articulate absence of care or empathy that veterans get. This is additionally so for joblessness in the average workers. The New Deal Era brought numerous projects, for example, joblessness. Be that as it may, as the economy currently stands, inappropriately

Rich Countries and Their Impact on Nature and Environment

Rich Countries and Their Impact on Nature and Environment The development of human civilization is moving forward at a high speed, and the amount of scientific, technical and other discoveries is growing bigger and bigger every century. Unfortunately, the progress of human race in terms of this development has a flip side of the coin, which is harmful influence upon the natural world of the planet. Sometimes in a chase of a new â€Å"gold mine† that can be found after this or that discovery or invention, we underestimate the impact it has on the environment. From the very beginning of scientific-technical revolution, there have been a lot of situations, when scientists and businessmen turned a blind eye to the consequences of creating another chemical or machine building plant or inventing cheaper way to produce plastic goods. The thirst for money and benefits wins over careful and respected attitude to the environment, and it results in air and water pollution, terminating forests and other actions, that can move us one step closer to wiping life off the face of the planet. Recently the world community had a chance to see with their own eyes how this can end up. I mean BP tragedy and impact it had on the natural balance of the planet. I think that the countries owning the objects of naturally dangerous industry should pay some extra fee, which should be considerable enough to support researches and actions to cope with the consequences of such industry. Usually, these countries are rich enough to do that. But there should be a very strict division: the country must own the object or the object is just situated there. So, for instance, if a chemical plant, located in China belongs, let us say, to the UK, it is the UK that should pay the fee. The fee is a must in our situation. Otherwise, we are close enough to destroying the planet we are living on.

Reconciling Edna s Suicide And The Criticism Surrounding

Reconciling Edna’s Suicide and the Criticism Surrounding† by Mary Bird. The first essay I read was titled â€Å"Reconciling Edna’s Suicide and the Criticism Surrounding† by Mary Bird. In this essay she reveals two point of views about Edna’s death. Bird presents two thesis statements. The first thesis is â€Å"†¦awakening is one of mental clarity, and her suicide is a triumphant act. By committing suicide Edna is finally freeing herself from social constraints and possession.† The second thesis is â€Å"Edna’s awaking to be a decline into insanity.† Bird makes a connection to Edna losing her mother to the reason she acts the way she does. Bird says â€Å"Edna is still a child emotionally and continually looks for a motherly influence.† Bird makes a point that throughout the story Edna regresses back to a child all the way to the womb, or water. She is saying that this is a form of insanity and that is why she died. Bird also makes a point that Edna knows exactly what she is doing. Bird says â€Å"Edn a now makes decisions (such as moving out of the house) based on what is right for her, choices that will drastically affect her life, doing so with open eyes and a clear head.† This is one of the reason she also believes that Edna died for feminist reasons. Bird made a good point that the water was like a mother the Edna, and Edna was going back to the womb. She backs up the second thesis a little better than she does the first. I like the way she calls the water her mother. I really can understand howShow MoreRelatedA Solitary Soul By Kate Chopin1995 Words   |  8 PagesOn April 22nd, 1899, Herbert S. Stone Company published a novel written by female Author, Kate Chopin. According to Chopin’s official website published by the Kate Chopin International Society in which biographers and editors detail information of the authors life, works, and commonly asked questions, Chopin was 49 years old at the time that The Awakening was published. This novel was originally titled A Solitary Soul, but was changed just prior to publication. Though today this novel is heavily

Impact Of News And Information Releases Relative On Stock...

Literature Review Since its foundation events study has paved the opportunity for scholars to investigate the impact of news and information releases relative to stock price in the markets. Its roots can be traced back as early as in 1930’s. According to a study by MacKinlay (1997) in his paper, cited an early paper was pioneered by Dooley (1933) who examined the stock price reaction to stock split announcements. In subsequent years, the significance of events study became an irresistible subject as it attracted the attention of John H. Myers and Archie Bakay (1948), C. Austin Baker (1956, 1957, 1958), and John Ashley (1962) who used events study methodology. A substantial number of studies have investigated the reaction of stock prices†¦show more content†¦Using a sample data comprised 297 NYSE and American Stock Exchange companies for 1977 to 1980-time period, indicating twelve quarterly announcements for each of the company. MacKinlay (1997) utilised 30 companies which comprised in to Dow Jones Industrial Index, as a sample to test the impact of quarterly earnings announcements to stock prices. The researcher examined totally 600 quarterly announcements, thus MacKinlay (1997) obtained stock price response separately to bad news, good news and no news cases of earnings per share (EPS) announcements. A great number of studies further identified several factors which particularly concerns market capitalisation, effective of stock market, etc., which explains the dynamic forces of stocks returns during the earnings announcements date in an organised manner. For instance, Atiase (1985) found that unexpected information pass on to the market by actual earnings report is inversely correlated to the company’s capitalisation. Grant (1990) observed that the market in which a company’s securities are traded often determined the behaviour of stocks return around the earnings announcements. Several other studies have aimed to organise for synchronise factors by using time series data such as intra-day and daily data. However, a fairly number of more robust studies has examined the information content of macroeconomics news releases. Elsharkawy and Garrod (1996), Pope and Inyangete (1992).Show MoreRelatedCauses Of Twenty First Century Stock Market Volatility Essay1397 Words   |  6 PagesCauses of Twenty-First Century Stock Market Volatility based on the Introduction of the Internet and Day Trading Since the late 1980’s the United States has observed several housing market bubbles and subsequent collapses (Calabria 2011, p. 552). Also, the country has also observed a profound increase in the trading of technologies stock (Sabherwal, Sarkar, and Zhang, 2011, p. 1210). 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Integrating Building Performance Optimization

Question: Discuss about the Integrating Building Performance Optimization. Answer: Introduction An important aspect of modern architecture, total building performance evaluates the impact of a buildings environment on its inhabitants(Oyedele, et al. 2011). This is a proactive approach in that it includes the preventative design in addition to the analyzing, identifying and rectifying all potential problems in the building environment. The safety of the building is the determinant of its inhabitability ad a fundamental dimension fr evaluating the building quality (Yau, Daniel and Chau 2008). Of particular concern is the air circulation in modern buildings which rely on excessive air conditioning during periods of occupancy. Evaluating Critcalbuilding Performance While building performance and its evaluation is a much debated topic, here remains much ambiguity in its evaluation process. The need for a standardized set of protocols to analyze the total building perform acre is essential for architects as well as builders to verify if abuilding is able to meet the expected standards in building performance(Attia et al. 2013).Building failures, particularly in areas with a dense population can lead to consequences that are catastrophic in nature due to the potential for significant loss of life and property (Yau, Daniel and Chau 2008). Furthermore, it is observed that there exist many voids in this critical area of building performanceevaluation(Attia et al. 2013). While there have been several collective efforts for developing a standard definition of building performance by agencies like NBS(National Bureau of Standards), ISO (International StandardsOrganization) , and OB ( the Centre International de Batiment) ; there are still several areas that demand a comprehensive solution that continue to remain vague. Optimum building management is therefore essential for all buildings that are being considered for human occupancy (Yau, Daniel and Chau 2008). The development of a comprehensive and manageable list of performance criteria mandatory for building environment have been identified as visual quality, thermal quality, spatial quality , air quality, acoustic quality and most importantly building integrity over the long term. Building Status Indicators A building-in-use needs to be evaluated on the basis of a total functional value within the economicframework as opposed to the traditional building-as-an-object approach which tends to rely more on the limited value implied by the proposed support class. Evaluating the critical economic value would depend on the building performance principles, particularly, the build systems and its sub systems; testingmechanism as well as techniques and methods used to measure the performance of the building; and the materials used in the construction as well as their quality(Attia et al. 2013).. The diagnostic tools which are used for the assessment and measurement of building performance need to be in keeping with the law and regulations of the country Guidelines For Collecting Evidence Of Building Status The monitoring of building status is an ongoing process that needs to be completed on a regular basis to ensure the health and safety of its inhabitants(Attia et al. 2013).The stakeholder must be informed of this practice in advanced. The feedback collected must be tabulated and evaluated to help determine the health of the building. It would be a better practice to ensure that activity iscentralized as it is hoped that thiswill help avoid further issues in the mater (Adachi, 2007). Complaints from all parties with an interest in the buildingwork, including Building Control bodies as well as other statutory bodies needs to be addressed on priority. The root cause of these complaints needsto be identified and suitable measures to meet its needs to be adopted on a war footing(Adamu, Price and Cook, 2012), (Adachi, 2007). All building work, be it new or in the realms of renovation; must be necessarily evaluated from the planning stage to the completion stage to help ensure that the standards are met and maintained throughout the building process (Adachi, 2007). . Compliance with building regulations must be met and all such certificates must be safely kept for future references (Adachi, 2007). Key performance indicators include policy, resources, consultation, assessment of plans, site inspection, certificates at completion and archiving of records. This is followed by continuing professional development, performance and management systems review, adherence to business ethics and a predefined complaints procedure Thus, building control performance indicators are: Adoption of best practices in process management of building controls compliance operations Having well defied complaints handling processes A proper breakdown of building control work Building control staff who have the requisite skills, , meet the gender and age profile, have specialist experience and exhibit a respect for people Potential Sources Of Indoor Air Problems The list of potential sources of indoor sir problems begins from the building material used in construction and includes fumes wood stoves, lead based paints, heating devices and so on. The possible list includes, asbestos, building materials including lead based paints, particle boards and other constructionmaterials; Radon; biological agents; smoke from the use of wood stoves and fire places , consumption of tobacco products like cigarettes, pipes, cigars and so on, gas range(s), heating devices (Agency for Toxic Substanace and Disease Registry 2015)and even certain disinfectants and pesticides. Insufficient, improper or even lack of air circulation is yet another area of concern. Possible Solutions For Commercial Rental Properties Total building performanceneeds to be addressed using diagnostic tools assessing and measuring the performance and ensuring that they are in line with key performance indicators. Improving air quality in all places that are either occupies or being considered for human occupation is important in keeping with the requirements for building performanceevaluation(Cao et al. 2014). Possiblesolutions include: Proper ventilation to allow circulation of air(Adamu, Price and Cook, 2012) Clean conditions of building surfaces and mechanical equipment in keeping with present standards. Significant sources of emission are identified and isolated as much as possible Prominent sources of biological and chemical contamination are identifies and isolated Airborne contaminants from construction, operations and maintenance activities are planned to minimize expose of local human inhabitants(Adamu, Price and Cook, 2012). Adoption of these measures would play a significant role in assuring that the building performance is within the accepted standards. Many of these measures gains prominence for older buildings due to the nature of hazardous materials used in construction(Adamu, Price and Cook, 2012), which havesubsequently been listed as dangerous for human beings. References Adachi, T. (2007). Impact of cascading failures on performance assessment of civil infrastructure systems.Georgia Institute of technology. Adamu, Z., Price, A. and Cook, M. (2012). Performance evaluation of natural ventilation strategies for hospital wards A case study of Great Ormond Street Hospital. Building and Environment, 56, pp.211-222. Agency for Toxic Substanace and Disease Registry.(2015, June 05).Taking an Exposure History: What Are Possible Sources of Indoor Air Pollution?. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=33po=7 (accessed September 14, 2016). Attia, S., Hamdy, M., OBrien, W. and Carlucci, S.,(2013). "Assessing Gaps and Needs for Integrating Building Performance Optimization Tools in Net Zero Energy Buildings Design". Energy and Buildings 60: 110-124. Cao, G., Awbi, H., Yao, R., Fan, Y., Sirn, K., Kosonen, R. and Zhang, J., (2014). "A Review of the Performance Of Different Ventilation And Airflow Distribution Systems In Buildings". Building and Environment 73: 171-186. Oyedele, L. O., Tham, K.W., Fadeyi,M.O., and Jaiyeoba, B.E., (2011). "Total Building Performance Approach in Building Evaluation: Case Study of an Office Building in Singapore." American Society of Civil Engineers: online. Yau, Y., Ho, D. and Chau, K.,(2008). "Determinants of the Safety Performance of Private Multi-storey Residential Buildings in Hong Kong." Social Indicators Research 89: 501-521.